Language in Africa
Throughout the long multilingual history of the
African continent, African languages have been subject to phenomena like
language contact, language expansion, language shift, and language death. A
case in point is the Bantu expansion, the process of Bantu-speaking peoples
expanding over most of the Sub-Saharan part of Africa, thereby displacing
Khoi-San speaking peoples in much of East-Africa. Another example is the
Islamic expansion in the 7th century AD, marking the start of a period of
profound Arabic influence in North Africa.
With so many totally unrelated families represented over wide areas, the image of the African linguistic situation is that of a veritable "Babel", although it is true that a certain number of languages categorized as distinct are in fact mutually intelligible dialects to some degree - eg. the Nguni languages of Southern Africa or the Manding languages of West Africa.
Trade languages are another age-old phenomenon in the African linguistic landscape. Cultural and linguistic innovations spread along trade routes and languages of peoples dominant in trade developed into languages of wider communication (linguae francae). Of particular importance in this respect are Jula (western West Africa), Fulfulde (West Africa, mainly across the Sahel), Hausa (eastern West Africa), Lingala (Congo), Swahili (East Africa) and Arabic (North Africa and the Horn of Africa).
Throughout the long multilingual history of the
African continent, African languages have been subject to phenomena like
language contact, language expansion, language shift, and language death. A
case in point is the Bantu expansion, the process of Bantu-speaking peoples
expanding over most of the Sub-Saharan part of Africa, thereby displacing
Khoi-San speaking peoples in much of East-Africa. Another example is the
Islamic expansion in the 7th century AD, marking the start of a period of
profound Arabic influence in North Africa.With so many totally unrelated families represented over wide areas, the image of the African linguistic situation is that of a veritable "Babel", although it is true that a certain number of languages categorized as distinct are in fact mutually intelligible dialects to some degree - eg. the Nguni languages of Southern Africa or the Manding languages of West Africa.
Trade languages are another age-old phenomenon in the African linguistic landscape. Cultural and linguistic innovations spread along trade routes and languages of peoples dominant in trade developed into languages of wider communication (linguae francae). Of particular importance in this respect are Jula (western West Africa), Fulfulde (West Africa, mainly across the Sahel), Hausa (eastern West Africa), Lingala (Congo), Swahili (East Africa) and Arabic (North Africa and the Horn of Africa).
After gaining independence, many African countries, in
the search for national unity, selected one language (generally the former
colonial language) to be used in government and education. In recent years,
African countries have become increasingly aware of the importance of
linguistic diversity. Language policies that are being developed nowadays
are mostly aimed at multilingualism.
Official languages
Official languages in many African countries there are several official languages. Not shown on this map, English is official in Sudan.
Besides the colonial languages English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch (Afrikaans) only a few languages are official at the national level. These are:
Arabic, in Algeria, Comoros, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan, and Tunisia
Swahili in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, and Rwanda
Amharic in Ethiopia - Somali in Somalia
Tigrinya in Eritrea (technically a working language)
Kinyarwanda in Rwanda and the closely related Kirundi in Burundi- Sango in the CAR
Yoruba in Nigeria and the Republic of Benin
Igbo or Ibo in Nigeria and Cameroon
Swazi in Swaziland and South Africa
Malagasy in Madagascar
Seychellois Creole in the Seychelles
South Africa, the only multilingual country with widespread official status for its indigenous languages, has Afrikaans, English, IsiNdebele, IsiXhosa, IsiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, SiSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga
Official languages
Official languages in many African countries there are several official languages. Not shown on this map, English is official in Sudan.
Besides the colonial languages English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch (Afrikaans) only a few languages are official at the national level. These are:
Arabic, in Algeria, Comoros, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan, and Tunisia
Swahili in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, and Rwanda
Amharic in Ethiopia - Somali in Somalia
Tigrinya in Eritrea (technically a working language)
Kinyarwanda in Rwanda and the closely related Kirundi in Burundi- Sango in the CAR
Yoruba in Nigeria and the Republic of Benin
Igbo or Ibo in Nigeria and Cameroon
Swazi in Swaziland and South Africa
Malagasy in Madagascar
Seychellois Creole in the Seychelles
South Africa, the only multilingual country with widespread official status for its indigenous languages, has Afrikaans, English, IsiNdebele, IsiXhosa, IsiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, SiSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga